KAPITALNING IQTISODIYOTDAGI O’RNI: TURLARI, BAHOLASH TAMOYILLARI VA ZAMONAVIY RAQAMLI AKTIVLAR

Abstract

This study highlights the economic essence of capital, its types, 
and its functional significance in the production process. The composition of fixed and 
circulating capital, their usage duration, the transfer of value to products, and depreciation 
processes are analyzed in detail. The physical and moral depreciation of fixed capital, the 
mechanism of calculating amortization, and the process of restoring the value of capital 
through the income it generates are illustrated with practical examples. The rapid turnover 
of circulating capital is justified as a factor directly affecting a company's liquidity and 
profitability. 
Furthermore, the relationship between the value of capital and potential future 
income, the concept of interest rates, the time value of money, and the role of discounting 
in evaluating investment projects are explained from a scientific and theoretical 
perspective. The study also provides a summary of new segments of the capital market, 
such as cryptocurrencies, their decentralized blockchain-based structure, and the economic 
mechanisms of mining. This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of both 
traditional and modern forms of capital.