INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS: MICROBIOLOGICAL ETIOLOGY AND CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT STRATEGIES
Keywords:
infective endocarditis, microbiological etiology, biofilm, bacteremia, Duke criteria, antimicrobial therapy, resistant strains, surgical managementAbstract
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the microbiological etiology, pathogenetic mechanisms, and contemporary therapeutic strategies of infective endocarditis. The molecular basis of bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, endothelial injury, and platelet–fibrin vegetation development is examined in detail. The clinical relevance of major causative pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, and enterococci, is discussed. The diagnostic role of the modified Duke criteria, blood cultures, and molecular identification methods is evaluated. In addition, principles of empirical and targeted antimicrobial therapy, antimicrobial resistance challenges, antibiofilm strategies, and surgical indications are systematized based on current scientific evidence. The impact of the multidisciplinary management model on clinical outcomes is also addressed.
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